Relative Measurement: measurements that have no prescribed, absolute size. Their size is relative to the size of type being set. Ex. Ems, Leading.
Points/Picas:
Point: the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font. It refers to the height of the type block, not the letter itself. It is an absolute measurement of .35mm or 1/75 of an inch.
Pica: a unite of measure equal to 12 points, commonly used for measuring lines of type. There are 6 picas (72 points) in an inch.
x-height: the height of the lowercase ‘x’ in a typeface. It is measured form the baseline to the meanline of a typeface. This is a relative measurement that varies with each typeface.
The em. The en
em: a relative unit of measurement used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions. It is linked to the size of the type, and will increase and decrease at the same rate as the typeface. The em equals the size of the type, for example 72pt font has a 72 point em. It defines paragraph indents and spacing.
en: a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em.
Dashes (hyphen, en, em):
Dashes: short, horizontal rules that serve various specific functions such as em rules, en rules, and hyphens.
Hyphen: 1/3 of an em rule. It is used to link words, as a compound modifier (x-height), to break syllables of words in text blocks (geo-graphy), and to provide clarity (re-serve, not reserve).
En dash: ½ of an em rule, used to separate page numbers, dates, and to replace the word ‘to’ in constructions implying movement.
Em dash: used to form lines and house nested clauses. A row of em dashes would form a solid line, for it has no side-bearings and fills its bounding box, touching the surrounding characters. Punctuating em dashes are slightly shorter, and do not touch in a row.
Alignments: Justification, Flush Left, Flush Right
Alignment: the position of type within a text block, in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
Flush left: the text tight and aligned to the left margin and ending ragged on the right.
Flush right: the text tight and aligned to the right margin and ending ragged on the left. It is more difficult to read, used mainly for picture captions or distinction.
Justification: the appearance of rivers of white space. Tightly aligned with both the left and right margin (horizontal) or evenly spaced between the top and bottom margin (vertical).
Letterspacing: adds space between letterforms to open up text.
Kerning: the removal of space and letterspacing in the addition of space between letters to improve the visual look of type. This can be done manually or automatically.
Tracking: adjusts the amount of spacing between characters.
Word Spacing: adjusts the space between words. It is usually defined as a percentage value of an em. It is relative to the size of the type being set and can be controlled by adjusting the hyphenation and justification values.
Widow: a lone word at the end of a paragraph.
Orphan: the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column. This should be avoided.
Hypho: a hyphenated widow that leaves half a word on a line.
Leading: the space between lines of text in a text block, measured from one base line to the next. It is measured in points, and is relative to the type size and font; however, its measurement is separate from the type size. It is used to allow characters to ‘breath’ and make information easy to read. Also, it is a hot-metal printing term referring to strips of lead that were inserted between text measures in order to space them accurately.
Indent, Fist Line Indent, Hanging Indent:
Indent: the text line is moved from the margin by a specific amount, allowing the reader to easily enter the paragraph. The indent length can be related to the point size of type or determined by the grid.
First Line Indent: the text is indented from the left margin in the first line of the second and subsequent paragraphs. The first paragraph in a document following a heading, subhead, or crosshead is not indented.
Hanging Indent: the first line of the text is not indented, but the subsequent text lines are indented from the margin.
1 comment:
very nicely done, images are great.
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